ࡱ> DyK yK 2http://www.rbduncan.com/DyK yK 2http://www.rbduncan.com/2-9"T Sundial Basics Forget about all the math: The computer does all that for you. Before the computer you had to build a sundial that would only work properly on the median line of each time zone. This is something next to worthless because most of us do not live on those median lines of those time zones. For those of you who are hesitant about allowing the computer to shift the dialyou don't shift the gnomon, only the dialto give you a sundial engineered solely for your spot on this earth, please read pages 196-197 of Frank W. Cousins' "SUNDIALS The Art and Science of Gnomonics", 1970, Pica Press. (One of the better sundial books) The Cousins offset does not give you the ultimate sundial. Weat Sundialsoftare still working on that one: (See "Ultimate Sundial " at the end of this.) But the Cousins offset combined with the computer gives you a practical useful sundial that is ideal for science projects and it's the perfect dial for you to make to put in your front yard. It's simple to comprehend. It's easy to build. It works perfectly. It's useful. It tells you the time to within a few seconds. What more could you ask for. What you can do now with this Excel program is to plug in your latitude and longitude position and let your computer design you a sundial for your own particular spot on this earth. This allows you to read the correct solar time directly. This is still not exactly clock time but there are 4 days when it will show clock time right to a second or so and on these days you can bring over your guests and show them exactly how accurate your sundial is. There are several more weeks where it is not too many seconds off. Most of the time it will be about 5 minutes fast or slow and the very most it will be off will be by 16 minutes fast the last week of October and the first week and a half of November. But you can then take the "Equation of Time" tableprovided to you hereinand if you build your sundial with sufficient accuracy then you can read the timein those months where it's offand interpolate to within ten seconds of the actual clock time. Sun time has a compounded error of about 3 seconds each year with clock time: It's all because of this extra quarter day involved in each year and you are over 9 seconds in error at the end of three years but you are right back to normal again when that fourth leap year rolls around. Please do not let all this sundial information intimidate you. You will eventually see all the whys and wherefores for everything and if you work at it then you will get really good making and using sundials. Make it simple: Make it work. You are especially lucky if you live in the northern hemisphere because then the numbers on your garden level, flat sundial will go around it in a clockwise direction similar to a clock and only a meathead would not know how to read something like that. Make your first sundial out of cardboard and the next one a bit better and so on and you'll see for yourself where more accuracy is needed. A properly made, computerized, sundial will always read "Solar Time" or Sun Time which is always within 16 minutes of the true time that you get by looking at a clock. An analemmait looks like a figure eightor the provided "Equation of Time" is needed to get a more accurate (actual clock time) reading. Some sundials are far more complicated than the simple garden sundial that you are going to make. These sundials are made with the analemma built right in and these are called "Direct Reading Dials". These will give you "Clock Time" or the same time that your watch gives you. The problem with these "Direct Reading" dials is that they are extremely complicated: They are not at all simple easy to use devices like your garden sundial and only a person who is specially trained to use them can read them. I remember reading an article in Scientific American many long years ago where this advanced mathematician showed his direct reading sundial and stated that all direct reading dials would have to be made exactly like his. Well, what he didn't know was that an immigrant from Scandinavia came to Florida and built "Coral Castle" just south of Miami. He built it all by himself and it took him his entire lifetime to do it. It's now open for tourists and you can see his direct reading sundial. It's a far better design than the mathematician's sundial in Scientific American and it's a lot easier to read than the mathematician's sundial too. Not only wasn't this Coral Castle guy a mathematician but he was even ignorant of how the solar system worked. You can buy his writings when you visit Coral Castle south of Miami and see this for yourself. Here's how he made his accurate, direct reading sundial: He scooped out a large 20 by 20 foot sort of clamshell type bowl out of the coral rock. You can't use a perfectly flat dial face with this type of sundial because you need to always keep the shadow point as close as possible to you. A flat surface would let the shadow of the point get too far away. This guy realized this much of it and built his gnomon about 11 feet high. He took a clockyou can do this in sunny Floridaand for an entire year every hourright on the hourhe chipped a spot into the smooth coral rock dial face where the exact shadow point of the gnomon was. He had plenty of time: He wasn't going anywhere, so why not. The next year he saw that as the hours came up, even though they did not fall exactly on the same spots he chippedremember those quarter days we talked about, well, these would shift the spots a bit every year until they came right back accurately again every 4 years. He may not have known about this but he found that every year they did fall on the exact same mid point line that connected all the spots he had chipped away a year earlier. This midpoint line, he found, made an analemma or figure eight. You can see he understood the importance of this because he engraved these midpoint lines deep into his smooth coral bowl. If you go there and look at his sundial today you will see that each of his yearly hours looks something like a figure eight. Each of his yearly hour marks is really an analemma. He had gotten these analemmas without any math at all and without even knowing how the solar system worked. He had devised a far better sundial than the advanced mathematician did. And he did it about 30 years before the Scientific American article too. To make a Coral Castle type sundial you can pour yourself sort of a gigantic concrete type Chinese wok bowl 30 by 30 feet. You'll need a pointed gnomon about 15 feet high. You'll want a pointed stainless steel gnomon solidly anchored into the concrete base so there could never be any movement of either of them. You don't have to worry about this gnomon being pointed to the Celestial Pole. That's what's so good about the Coral Castle type Sundial: You don't have to know much about anything to build one of them. Just point the Gnomon straight up like this guy at Coral Castle did. We are only interested in the point of this gnomon: We are not going to use the shadow of the body of the gnomon like our garden sundial. Here's how you do it: If you are in a sunny part of the worldstarting the first day of February during a leap year you then take a common 3/16ths concrete drill bit and put it in one of those battery drillsyou'll have to charge it every nightand then merely look at your quartz watch and drill a hole in the cement every hour on the hour exactly where the gnomon shadow is pointing at. You drill exactly at the end of that shadow point. Bring your good reading glasses with you so you can drill these holes accurately. Take a year off from your work and do this for the daylight portions of the next 365 days too. (Remember, you start on a leap year with 366 days.) You want to be especially certain that the point of your gnomon is really sharp. All these holes must be precisely drilled and you wouldn't be able to do this if the point of the gnomon was dull and you always were looking at the shadow of some bird sitting on top of it. You will be limited from 6AM to 6PM and lucky to get even those 13 hours on such a dial. Forget about half hour marks altogether on this type of dial. At the end of February you will have the beginnings of the hour analemmas and you will begin to see the first curve of these figure eights. At the end of February fill all the February holesexcept the 13 hour holes drilled on the last day of February (February 29th)with black paint. Leave the 13 hour holes drilled on February 29th unpainted. These 13 holes will be the only ones left unpainted out of a total of 4,758 holes [366 times 13] or (13 hourly figure eight analemmas with each of them containing 366 separate date holes)if you keep at this diligently for the entire leap year. Do the same during March and fill those 403 holes (31 times 13) with white paint. Drill the holes hourly during April and paint them all black at the end of the month. Every leap year you can quit your job again and come back and drill the holes you missed, because of clouds, the 4 years before. Continue this monthly alternating between black and white paint all year and you will have even a better direct reading sundial than the Coral Castle type direct reading sundial. Not only that but if you know which half of the year you are in then you will know which half of the analemma to use and when the shadow point of the gnomon hits it then you also can read directly, not only the hour exactly, but the month and exact date. Remember, there are 365 and a quarter days in every year so you come back to the exact holes every four years. So you will have one year when the shadow is closer to the wrong date hole than the correct date hole but if you know this and interpolate for this then you still will know the correct date. And you can do all this without any of my stuff too. The young chicks are constantly taking people through Coral Castle so if you build one of these elaborate direct reading sundials then you might get a couple of young chicks to help you collect the money from people as you take them around and show it to them. People are always coming around to see things like this. But if you can't take a whole year off from workthat Coral Castle guy took a whole lifetime offand you don't have all this time, or space, then its quickerand simplerto make a regular Cousins type sundial using my computerized angles generated by my special setup in your Excel spreadsheet program. It's so easy and you don't have to know any math nor know much about Microsoft Excel either especially if you make plenty of backup copies. A regular sundial looks a lot better than the Coral Castle type too. It's easier to understand. It's much, much easier to make. It's not quite like reading actual clock time such as on a Coral Castle type direct reading dial but it is always within 16 minutes of the correct clock time anyway. And if you print up these "Equation of Time" sheets which I provide for you then you can read to within ten seconds of the actual time that you see on your quartz watch. * * * Style is another name for gnomon. In sundial books you will see it called both style or gnomon. The dictionary says both words are correct. Some people like to use the word style instead of gnomon. I prefer gnomon. The best gnomon is a pointed rod that points to the north star. the gnomon should always be parallel to the earth's axis. The centerline of a round gnomonwhatever its thicknessmust intersect the midpoint of the straight line that always goes from 6 AM to 6 PM on the dial face. (See picture later) Sunrise and sunset are when the sun's rays are going through the edge of the earth's atmosphere which acts like a lens on them and making the sun appear sooner sometimes than it really is. All this extra atmosphere, which may contain various amounts of moisture, may bend this light more or less accordingly to all this extra air and moisture content thus resulting in slightly inaccurate readings when the sun is right on the horizon. But the experts all assure us that the error incorporated with this bendingwhile the sun is on the horizonwill always be less than the error accuracy with which we can build our sundials. So I don't worry too much about this at all. You must remember that when making such a sundial that the gnomon must point to the true north and its angle from the dial face upward must be the same angle as the latitude. In other words it must point to the north star. Actually the north star is one degree off of the true point in the sky that the gnomon has to be pointed to. I imagine that one couldif he wanted tomake the gnomon out of a round pipe and one might sight the north star through the pipe. If you watched all night thenin a really accurately oriented gnomonyou might see the north star make a portion of a small circle through your gnomon pipe if you designed it this way. Everybody in America used to use sundials. There wasn't much else the poor man could use. You canand we didhave each separate small town using its own sundial time. This works well as long as people don't go moving around much. Sundials used to be popular in America and there were far more people making, building and using sundials in 1800 than there are now but something came along to change all that. The thing that changed all that were the railroads. The peak of rail track laying was in either 1864 or 1865 and as people started using these various railroads there was suddenly massive confusion over the various times each railroad used. Each railroad used its own company time and each city used their own local sun time so the decade from 1870 to 1880 was a period when many minds pondered the solution to the dilemma caused by all these different railroad times and local times all being mixed up together. The decade immediately following the end of the Civil War was simply a decade of utter confusion about time. What this decade produced though were enough public complaints that made every railroad realize that they simply could no longer continue doing business as usual. All the railroads saw that something had to be done about all these numerous individual city times. Sandford Fleming of Canada and Charles F. Dowd of the U.S. were the two people most responsible for selling the railroads on the time zone system that we now have. This time zone system proved its worth to the railroads and then as everyone saw it workedafter 1880the 15 degree time zone system spread rapidly over the entire world. The problem with this time zone system, while using the sundial, is that the only sundials then reading the correct solar time will be the ones that lay exactly on each of the midpoints of these time zones: all the others will read either fast or slow and at some places like west Texas even as much as an hour and a half off. There is only one way to correct this fast or slow reading and that is to offset the dial from the gnomonthat always points true northfrom the noon mark of the sundial. My computer program does this instantly for you when you insert your longitude. So what my computer program is going to do for you is to give you the opportunity to go back in time to a period just before the Civil War when every town had its own sundial time and every educated person knew how to use the "Equation of Time" table to correct the sundial. Your sundial now will again be on a par with theirs: It will, once again, tell you "Solar Time" just like theirs told them and now you toojust like they didwill have to correct for "The Equation of Time". This computer program is foolproof simply because it sets the gnomon-dial offset to your nearest time zone median. This does not necessarily mean it's setting it for the median in your time zone. But "Not to worry" because whether you are setting the clock for Daylight Savings Time or changing it to another time zone, these are both all full one hour corrections: Both these type corrections only necessitate the changing of the hour numbers on the dial and nothing more. So if you do not fully understand Daylight Savings Time or how Time Zones work then again I say, "Not to worry". Simply leave off your hour numbers until you get your dial working and simply put the hour numbers where your clock shows you they should be when the gnomon shadow hits the hour lines. Daylight Savings Time is a summer time. Since sundials are used mostly in summer then this is the most popular time to number them to. There is a possibility that you may have to move all the hour numbers in one direction because of your longitude and to move them again in the same direction because of Daylight Savings Time. So there is a possibility that some people who want to have a Daylight Savings Time sundial may have to reposition their hour numbers two hours off. Then there is the other possibility that going to Daylight Savings Time may be in the opposite direction to your longitude correction and it may cancel it entirely and you may not have to offset the hour numbers at all. But you do have an equal chance at either of those two foregoing possibilities. Let your computer figure the dial-gnomon offset and then later when you get the sundial working then you will see exactly where the hour numbers go. The hour marks of the sundial will all change their various positions with various latitudes therefore my program instantly gives you the correct hour positions on your sundial when you insert your correct latitude. So you need to find both your latitude and your longitude on a map and use the keyboard and mouse to put these numbers in the correct boxes: Simply click the box and type in the big red number and then click on the next box and type in that number until you have all six box numbers changed to your latitude and longitude: then make a final click with the enter keynot the mouseto process the last number you put in and presto you will see the correct hour angles and gnomon offset for constructing a perfect garden type sundial designed expressly for your particular spot on this earth. That's all there is to it: it's that easy. If you can only find your latitude and longitude in degrees and minutes then put a 0 in the last second box and don't worry too much about it. Make your first sundial out of cardboard and test it out. Then as you get better and better at it go in for making longer lasting, more accurate sundials. The basic sundial foundation layoutsomething that never changesis that the noon (12 PM) line is always perpendicular to the line that joins 6 AM to 6 PM. It's an inverted "T" really with the two 6s at each end of the top of the "T" and the 12 noon at the bottom of the "T". (Pictured later) Where those two lines cross to make the "T" is an important intersection because the center line of the gnomon must also pass through this same intersection too. Having these three things intersect here on the face of the dial is the whole secret to constructing a properly made sundial that will read the correct solar time within 16 minutes of the true clock time. So the angle from 12 noon to both 6 PM and 6 AM is 90 degrees. Remember, these angles are both equal and they are both 90 degrees. This never changes and is the same on all garden type sundials. What does change, however, are all the other hour angles and you must remember the other hour anglesdo changebut the angles from noon to 1 PM and noon to 11 AM are always equal. The hour angles from noon to 2 PM and noon to 10 AM are always equal. The hour angles from noon to 3 PM and noon to 9 AM are always equal. The hour angles from noon to 4 PM and noon to 8 AM are always equal. The hour angles from noon to 5 PM and noon to 7 AM are always equal. This is something you must remember. And next: Incidentally for most spots in America a rectangular or oval sundial layout like the one below is better than a square or circular dial face because unlike a clock dial, on a sundial here where we live, half the hourson the other sideare usually missing because the dial will never see the sun in those early morning or late evening hours unless you are on the ocean or high on a mountain top or you are at the correct latitude. Remember, this following basic foundation layout never changes:  EMBED Word.Picture.8  Foundation Layout This perpendicular inverted "T" never changes. Remember that the centerline of the gnomon must also intersect where those lines intersect on the dial face. For accuracy the gnomon should be round. If the gnomon has a point then the point should be perfectly centered. If you understand this basic foundation layout and you can see that this is the cornerstone or foundation of every sundial and that this never changes then you have started down the path to making really good sundials. Now look at this next picture:  EMBED Word.Picture.8  Now we have added what you will be adding with this program. We have added the angle from noon to 11 AM and from noon to 1 PM. Both of those angles are equal on all sundials. My program instantly gives you these angles when you place your latitude in the correct boxes. Then you take your protractor and lay out all the other angles that the program gives you and you've got your sundial. Protractors are not accurate enough for laying out large sundials especially large wall type sundials so use the tangent button on a scientific calculator to get the tangent of the angle you need. Do your measuring in meters and centimeters, not the stupid English feet and inches system, from the dim and distant past, that is not decimal. Measuring with feet and inches will not work. Because the metric system is decimal, it will. You have two choices: You can lay out a measurement of one meter along the noon line or you can lay out a measurement of ten meters along the noon line. Use ten meters if the wall is big enough. Now with your scientific calculator in the decimal degree modenot sexagesimalhit the tangent button and enter the entire decimal angle shown from my program. What you see on the calculator now is the length you measure perpendicular to the noon line to get your angle. For instance if you are measuring one meter along the noon line and you need a 30 degree angle then you will see on the calculator that the tangent of 30 degrees is .57735 so you measure this exact distance (half a meter plus) across and that is your angle. If you are making a large wall dial and you are measuring ten meters along the noon line then you simply measure half of that length or 5.7735 meters perpendicular to the noon line to get your 30 degree angle. So whatever you see on the calculator then, that is your exact measurement across to get the angle you need. For laying out angles greater than 45 degrees you use the same procedure but you use the 6PM linewhich is always at right angles to the noon lineand you measure along it instead of the noon line using the cotangent on the calculator. Doing it this way makes your big sundials super accurate. You simply could not get accuracy anywhere close to this using a tiny protractor on a big wall dial. Lines are important on a sundial because even though you may have a pointed gnomon, you will not always see the shadow of that point but you will always see the shadow of the body of the gnomon and you will read the hour when both shadow and hour line are parallel to each other and the hour line will be centered midway in the gnomon's shadow. This is why the gnomon should be a rod or pipe of uniform diameter. The gnomon always has to point true north. Any aeronautical chart of your area will show you exactly how much true north in your area deviates from magnetic north. It's quite a bit in the western part of the United States. You can check your area by taking a compass out at night and seeing if it points directly at the north star or not. (Do this during a full moon or keep your flashlight as far away from the compass as you can) You are not going to have much of a sundial if you merely use a magnetic compass to orient your gnomon in the mid west. Out there you must compensate for magnetic variation if you use only a magnetic compass. Remember, that wherever in the time zone you live, the gnomon must still point to the true north but the 12 noon line on the dial will only point to the true north (and the noon line will only be exactly vertical on a wall dial) if you live smack dab in the middle of the time zone. You must shift the dial 12 noon mark and offset it from true north (and shift the wall dial noon line off of true vertical) if you are not smack dab in the middle of the time zone. My program gives this offset as a gnomon offset from the noon line because it is easier to see it this way on both flat and wall dials. Actually the dial is the thing being offset (both on flat and wall dials). This is really the offset of the noon line from the gnomon which is also from true north, when you stop and think about it, because the gnomon always has to point to the true north. If you are in a higher latitude then you may want to add more hours than 6AM to 6PM: No problem, just project the 5PM line through that important axis intersect point and this line becomes the 5AM line. Project the 4PM line and it becomes the 4AM line. See illustration below. This would be a flat, level, horizontal dial in the Northern Hemisphere.  EMBED Word.Picture.8  In fact every PM line projected through the intersect point becomes the same AM line on this new half of the dial face. You will have to be above 66 degrees of latitudein midsummerto read all 24 of these hours though. Because your computer does all this by math and is forced to continually round off numbers then it will not show this exactly and you will always see a few seconds different between these angles but just remember that they are really straight lines even though the computer might not hit them exactly. I know this is piling a lot of worries on you as you just start out. Don't take all this too seriously as you begin but keep all of this in mind for future reference as you get better and want to make better and more accurate sundials. Once again, either install the Excel stationerywhich can't be messed upor make plenty of copies of this program because one simple mistake can easily ruin this entire Excel program setup. The reason for this is that to automate things for people who constantly use Excel, Microsoft is forever seeking new ways to do more and more things with each single mouse click so you must remember that with more and more things a mouse click can do, each mouse click becomes more and more dangerous to those unaware of the complexities of Excel. While I'm on the subject of copies, I often get mail from people who have made copies of copies of copies of the original programs that I sold. I do read all this mail: At least so far I have. I will endeavor to continue this practice but there is absolutely no possible way that I could even attempt to answer all of this mail. I certainly thank you all for it though and please accept this thank you if you write to me and do not get an answer. To those of you who want to make a sundial on a wall other than a wall facing directly north or south, you certainly can BUT you then get into an area of exotic dials that are hard to read and hard to compute. For the trigonometry on these type dials go to "SUNDIALS How to know use and make them" written by R. Newton Mayall and Margaret L. Mayall. This was published by the Charles T Branford Company of Boston in 1958. 1998 You have now learned the basics of how to build a good sundial. But before you put a lot of money into making a really expensive sundial you had better wait until we ship "The Ultimate Sundial" floppy on December 1st 1999 (God Willing). It toolike this floppywill sell for $10 until the year 2000: This $10 for either floppyspecify MAC or PCincludes shipping & handling. If you want to order this floppy that you have here then ask for the "E-Z Cousins type Sundial" floppy. Our address is: Sundialsoft RR-3 Box 346 Sneedville, TN 37869 PAGE 1 PAGE 16  0 4 ; w}~U[""T'Y'''I*N*O*S*T*Y*12>>#@,@hBmBtBBBBbCfCFFFIIIIIIIIJJJJUMfMMMO"OePwPPPQQmTwTxT~TTTT 5>*CJ 5CJ 5CJ 56>* 56>*56>*5>*5>*5>*CJ$Q8V t G((G #$$'b''9((+Q+,N.&01$h 1$h 8V t G((G #$$'b''9((+Q+,N.&0001011@24t7K9=1@DABBCEEF-HHIKLLBMlNOPZQQQ*RoRRRNTTTTTTTUVVVVWX{XW^_ad0eeughhhikk no~qqqls|s}sssd&0001011@24t7K9=1@DABBCEEF-HHIKLLBMlNOPZQQ1$hQQ*RoRRRNTTTTTTTUVVVVWX{XW^_ad0eeug 1$h  1$h H1$hTTTTTTT*U.UU VdViVjVqVVVVVVWWWWWYYYYYZmZpZZZT[[[q[w[\\ ^%^2^8^&_/_ccSdWd4e8eeeffffffAgLgRgqghhhhh:j=j@oFoKpNpsj`E? UV jsU5>*5CJ 5>*CJjaE? UV jqU>*5>*5CJjbE? UV jxpULughhhikk no~qqqls|s}ssssssssssss $&#$@1$h1$hsssssssssssssss ZOh+'0l   ( 4 @LT\d Dial BasicsialDaniel FitzpatrickaniNormalFRobert Duncanri5beMicrosoft Word 8.0@q@-9@ X7Bf_DyK yK dhttp://groups.yahoo.com/group/TheoryOfEverything/DyK yK nhttp://communities.msn.com/AtomstoStars/_whatsnew.msnwDyK yK 2http://www.rbduncan.com/http://www.rbduncan.com/D\http://www.rbduncan.com/?7http://communities.msn.com/AtomstoStars/_whatsnew.msnwS2http://groups.yahoo.com/group/TheoryOfEverything/D\http://www.rbduncan.com/   ( 4 @LT\d Dial BasicsialDaniel FitzpatrickaniNormalFRobert Duncanri4beMicrosoft Word 8.0@d@-9@nbt ^Z՜.+,D՜.+,8 hp|   /0'u   Dial Basics Title4(RZ _PID_GUID _PID_HLINKSAN{3537046F-4E2D-4273-BEA8-0A70ED536187}AxD\sLNRT|~\^`b1$h$1$h 1$h  1$h dfh NPTXjCJU0JjCJU jUB* CJ0JmHB*CJB*CJsssssssssssssss`bdJNPTr|xz~FHJ$,.vxzbζζjUB*CJjUjUB*CJB*CJB*CJ$B*CJ$0JjCJU jUB*CJ$0JmH0J j0JUDWeb page at: HYPERLINK "http://www.rbduncan.com/"http://www.rbduncan.com And more FREE e-books at: HYPERLINK "http://www.rbduncan.com/"http://www.rbduncan.com16 TB^0l%l_d WORD_ _P(^! 2 B , Bookman .+>12 (#6 (6! K2 N (H31 (J11_1061530465   F@-9@-9PIC  TPICT  ObjInfoT*`hz8d WORD8 8T X! gg"g"g_ N 6- , Bookman .+ Noon (Midnight (j6 AM (i6 PM (S5 PM (:4 PM_1061530464 F@-9-9PIC TPICT  |ObjInfosLNRT|~\^`b1$h$1$h 1$h  1$h FREE Excel sundial software here & more available in the Files section of: HYPERLINK "http://groups.yahoo.com/group/TheoryOfEverything/"http://groups.yahoo.com/group/TheoryOfEverything/ And in the Documents section of: HYPERLINK "http://communities.msn.com/AtomstoStars/_whatsnew.msnw"http://communities.msn.com/AtomstoStars/_whatsnew.msnw Feel free to drop in & I'll answer any questions that I can. There are always many others there as well interested in science. The Excel software program, mentioned below, is FREE at HYPERLINK "http://www.rbduncan.com/"http://www.rbduncan.com After you click on either the Excel Flat or Wall Dial program---you'll need Excel or Microsoft Works which most computers have---then when it fully opens, click save as VX1$h@MSUDQuickLink IIIdQuickLink III@d@MSUDQuickLink IIId\op@G:Times New Roman5Symbol3& :ArialY New YorkTimes New Roman7MChicago (0JY0JY'\/$+q Dial BasicsDaniel FitzpatrickDaniel Fitzpatrick Robert Duncan  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q2'r Dial BasicsDaniel FitzpatrickDaniel Fitzpatrick Robert Duncan [0@0NormalCJOJQJmH <A@<Defaultin the File menu and save it to your desktop. Disregard the following. It's FREE, above. 16 0JmHB*CJB*CJ Paragraph Font,@,Header  !&)@& Page NumberNONManu Bighd  t  CJOJQJH"HTITLEhd  t  CJ OJQJ2a(U`A( Hyperlink>*B*sMN  .+,?d s TTs9!K"";%%%e&'H)})3 0PP/ =!"#$%h .I could not get the layout pictures in this html copy, so for those please go to:  HYPERLINK "http://communities.msn.com/ReallyCoolLinks/page.msnw" http://communities.msn.com/ReallyCoolLinks/page.msnw And select Sundial Book AL and copy it to your computer disk 1 *z,R.\.].p?@@ABKCC+EYFFGJBJJnKL NNOOPVPPPPzRRRR$S%S&STTUUUU0VV\^_Ab\cdefg gg,ij6lmooo*p+pqq]q^q_qqpssssssssss [0@0NormalCJOJQJmH <A@<Default Paragraph Font,@,Header  !&)@& Page NumberNONManu Bighd  t  CJOJQJH"HTITLEhd  t  CJ OJQJ2a(U`A( Hyperlink>*B*p  Db S 44S +!!$n$$E%%((]()Z+2-<-=-..L/14W6:==P> ??@+BB D9EEFH"IINJxKLMfNNN6O{OOOZQQQpppppp@@@ TsTrwz&0QugsTsuvx}sstyUnknown Robert DuncanRQQQSSSeeepX::: !!15U^ 9A""I"O"##]&e&9999LXWX!n'n8n>nppppppp8>4A a h */S`alY_!!""""%&'"')**+--P.Z.^.a.2222334(455C6G6::;;==O>>>??@@^A_A1G:GIIXJkJKKqLL N(NOOTTUW[WCXxXZZ\M^``!a;bDdPdddee(f5ff hikkkllRmZmmmBnnooppppp Robert Duncan"C:\WINDOWS\Desktop\Sundial book.AL@QuickLink IIICOM1:QLQuickLink IIIQuickLink III@d@MSUDQuickLink IIIdQuickLink III@d@MSUDQuickLink IIId66`65-56PQRS   ppppppp1611111111`1b1d0111111111101B0J0L0@0@0^@1N0@0P0@G:Times New Roman5Symbol3& :ArialY New YorkTimes New Roman7MChicago A(0JYqefN\/$+2'r Dial BasicsDaniel FitzpatrickDaniel Fitzpatrick Robert Duncanemplates\Normal.dot@ @G:Times @@@ TsXrwz&0QugsXsuvx}sstyUnknown Robert Duncan 3K .rRRRUUUgggop(pqCq[qsXXX:::XX !!u~Ya%#.#i#o#$$}''::::lYwYAoGoXo^osssssN/>X^Ta JOsy8=!!""##$$'(4(B(*+,",..p/z/~//334 444>5H566c7g7;;<<]>o???@AAA~BBQHZH/J6JxKKLLMM@OHOQQUUuX{XcYY\ \^m_aaAb[cdepeeeffHgUgg+ij5lllmmrnznoobooq\qrrssssssss Robert Duncan"C:\WINDOWS\Desktop\Sundial book.AL Robert Duncan!C:\WINDOWS\Desktop\SundialBook.AL@QuickLink IIICOM1:QLQuickLink IIIQuickLink III@d@MSUDQuickLink IIIdQuickLink III@d@MSUDQuickLink IIIdqqjqq 5B*CJ4( 234LMN  .8qrs+,/?ooooooooooppp)p*p+pqqqqqqqBqCqDq\q]q^qqpssssssss11111d1f1h0011r0|111110z0|111F1H1J000L1@0@0&@01111111$1,1@1v1x1z0010Z011111111 0\0^0`0 @0@0@0^@1P0@0T0@G:Times New Roman5Symbol3& :ArialY New YorkTimes New Roman7MChicago A(0JYch&f_0$+'u Dial BasicsDaniel FitzpatrickDaniel Fitzpatrick Robert Duncand  t  CJ OJQJ2aoG <sbjbjَ  s]\\\\\p"""8>"$b"4p-H"p#(######((((%()c*$/1*E\#####*'\\##"2'''#\#\#(pp\\\\#(''(\\(#"\7Bp "n$^(Root Entry F`-9\7BData {HWordDocument ObjectPool -9& -90Table1META -H  "#$%&'(P*+,7./012345689OQR)1Table#SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8!lCompObjNjD\http://www.rbduncan.com/dQuickLink III@d@MSUDQuickLink IIId\op@G:Times New Roman5f_Z՜.+,D՜.+,8 hp|   /0'u   Dial Basics Title4(RZ _PID_GUID _PID_HLINKSAN{3537046F-4E2D-4273-BEA8-0A70ED536187}AxD\?7http://communities.msn.com/AtomstoStars/_whatsnew.msnwS2http://groups.yahoo.com2"   I . - "-H "-http://www.rbduncan.com/D\http://www.rbduncan.com/@MSUDQuickLink IIIdpp`pp 5B*CJ4P9>KU#$%\]codonowo:: Bookman Old Style-!123!6am$!6pm- "- >  "- Bookman Old Style-!Point of intersection'/group/TheoryOfEverything/ (5 AM + 4 AMZOh+'0l   ( 4 @LT\d Dial BasicsialDaniel FitzpatrickaniNormalFRobert Duncanri5beMicrosoft Word 8.0@q@-9@ X7B  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy|~G ,sbjbjَ  s]:   rrr8$, H@p(%[$4!(#m $ 2$$$    $h$   T r:Root Entry F`-9 Data {WordDocumentObjectPool -9& -9 [0@0NormalCJOJQJmH <A@<Default Paragraph Font,@,Header  !&)@& Page NumberNONManu Bighd  t  CJOJQJH"HTITLEhd  t  CJ OJQJ2ao Tssrwz&0QugssuvxsstyPPPRRRdddo::: !!oooooooooo Robert Duncan"C:\WINDOWS\Desktop\Sundial book.AL@QuickLink IIICOM1:QLQuickLink IIIQuickLink III@d@MSUDQuickLink IIIdQuickLink III@d@MSUDQuickLink IIId\op@G:Times New Roman5Symbol3& :ArialY New YorkTimes New Roman7MChicago (0JY0JY'\/$+q Dial BasicsDaniel FitzpatrickDaniel Fitzpatrick Robert Duncan [0@0NormalCJOJQJmH <A@<Default Paragraph Font,@,Header  !&)@& Page NumberNONManu Bighd  t  CJOJQJH"HTITLEhd  t  CJ OJQJ2a(U`A( Hyperlink>*B*(sK]^hn4 R % `%a !"$@%%&&(/)o*,,....j/02R5)7;>"??@ABCD FFxGIIJ KJLMN8O~OOPMPrP|P,RlRRRRRRSTTTTUUYV5\]f_accSemfffghikm\ocodoooppppprrrrr ss$s%s)s@@@ Tsrwz&0Qugssuvx}sstyUnknown Robert DuncanK$[lRRRTTTfffooo(sXX:::X !!'0  QYqz""#!#s$|$/'7't:|:::Y)Ynn oopprrrs s&s)s Y` 3 : u|%23>+1Y^ e"n"c#j###&'''o*+++[.h."/,/0/3/3333z44446677;;<<>!?U?Z?@@bAiA0B1BH HII*K=KLLCMSMNNPPgUqU'X-XYJY[[]_aaa ce"eeefffgghjklllmrm$n,nnnoRorrrr s&s)s Robert Duncan"C:\WINDOWS\Desktop\Sundial book.AL@QuickLink IIICOM1:QLQuickLink IIIQuickLink III@d@MSUDQuickLink IIIdQuickLink III@d@MSUDQuickLink IIIdpp`pp 5B*CJ4P9>KU#$%\]codonowo~oooooooooooopppppr s s s"s&s's(s11r0|111110z0|111F1H1J000L1@0@0&@01111111$1,1@1v1x1z0010Z0\0^0`0 @0@0@0^@10@00@G:Times New Roman5Symbol3& :ArialY New YorkTimes New Roman7MChicago A(0JYe ^0$+2~t Dial BasicsDaniel FitzpatrickDaniel Fitzpatrick Robert Duncan1Table#SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8!CompObjNj  "#$%&'(P*+,./0123456OQR)  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy|~-BEA8-0A70ED536187}AD\omstoStars/_whatsnew.msnwS2http://groups.yahoo.com/group/TheoryOfEverything/2"   I . - "-H "-^Z՜.+,D՜.+,8 hp|   /0~t   Dial Basics Titled(RZ _PID_GUID _PID_HLINKSAN{3537046F-4E2D-4273http://www.rbduncan.com/?7http://communities.msn.com/At (5 AM + 4 AMZOh+'0l   ( 4 @LT\d Dial BasicsialDaniel FitzpatrickaniNormalFRobert Duncanri4beMicrosoft Word 8.0@d@-9@nbt _1061530466 F@-9 PIC TPICT PObjInfo0TableMETA -H:: Bookman Old Style-!123!6am$!6pm- "- >  "- Bookman Old Style-!Point of intersection'Link III@dT2"&OId WORDI IPH! 9 9 , Bookman .+312 ($6am (6pmUa0"!#  (Point of intersection"